Reference List

GENERAL



  • Berry, E. E., and Malhotra, V. M. 1980, "Fly Ash for Use in Concrete - A Critical Review," ACI Journal, V. 77, No.2, Mar-Apr. pp. 59-73.
  • Helmuth, Richard, 1987. SP-40, Fly Ash in Cement and Concrete, Portland Cement Association, 196 pp.
  • Idorn, G. M., and Henriksen, K. R., 1984, "State of the Art for Fly Ash Uses in Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 14, No. 4, Jul., pp.463-470.
  • Idorn, G. M., 1984, "Concrete Energy and Durability," Concrete International: Design & Construction, V. 6, No. 2, Feb., pp. 13-20.
  • Malhotra, V. M., 1986, "Role of Supplementary Cementing Materials in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions," Supplementary Cementing Materials for Concrete, CANMET, Ottawa, Ontario, Canadian Government Publishing Center, MTL Division Report MTL 98-03 (OP&J), Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, 17 pp.
  • Mehta, P. K., 1983, "Pozzolanic Cementitious By-Products as Mineral Admixtures for Concrete - A Critical Review," Fly Ash, Silica fume, Slag and Other Mineral by-Products in Concrete, ACI SP-79, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich., pp. 1-46.
  • Mehta, P. K., and Burrows, R., 2001, "Building Durable Structures in the 21st Century,"Concrete International; Design and Construction, V. 23, No. 3, pp. 57-63.
  • Mehta, P. K., 1999 "Concrete Technology for Sustainable Development," Concrete International: Design and Construction, V. 21, No. 11, pp. 47-53.


Fly Ash Characterization

  • Berry, e. E., Hemmings, R. T., Langley, W. S., Carette, G. C., 1989, "Beneficiated Fly Ash: Hydration, Microstructure, and Strength Development in Portland Cement Systems," Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Trodheim, Norway, V. SP, 114, pp. 241-273.
  • Diamond, S., 1981, "The Characterization of fly Ashes," Proceedings, Symposium on Effects of Fly Ash In-corporation in Cement and Concrete Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, Nov., pp. 12-23.
  • Hemmings, R. T., and Berry, E. E., 1988, "On the Glass in Coal Fly Ashes: Recent Advances," Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, V. 113, pp. 3-38.
  • Hill, Russell, and Daugherty, Kenneth, "Interaction of Calcium Nitrate and a Class C Fly Ash During Hydration, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 26, No. 7, July 1996, pp. 1131-1143.
  • Hooton, R. D., and Rodgers, C. A., 1995, "Determination of Slag and Fly Ash Content in Hardened Concrete," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 17, No. 1, June, pp. 55-60.
  • McCarthy, G. J., Johansen, D. M., Steinwand, S. J., and Thedchanamoorthy, A., 1988, "X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Fly Ash," Advances in X-ray Analysis, V. 31.
  • Mings, M. L., Schlorholtz, S. M., Pitt, J. M., and Demierel, T., 1983, "Characterization of Fly Ash by X-ray Analysis Methods," Transportation Research Record No. 941, Transportation Research Board, pp. 5-11.
  • Roy, D. M.; Luke, K.; and Diamond, S., 1984, "Characterization of Fly Ash and Its Reactions in Concrete," Proceedings, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh.
  • Thomas, M. D. A, Shehata, M. H., and Shashiprakash, S. G., 1999, "The Use of Fly Ash in Concrete: Classification by Composition," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 21, No. 2, pp.105-110.


Fly Ash in Concrete: General

  • Amoudi, O. S. B.; Maslehudden, M. and Asi, I. M., "Performance and Correlation of the Properties of Fly Ash Cement Concrete," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 18, No. 2, Dec. 1996, pp. 71-77.
  • Belot, J. R. Jr., 1967, "Fly Ash in Concrete and Concrete Block Manufacturing," Proceedings, 1st Fly Ash Utilization Symposium (Pittsburgh, Mar), Information Circular No. 8348, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington D.C.
  • Cook, J. E., 1981, "A Ready-Mixed Concrete Company's Experience with Class C Fly Ash," NRMCA Publication No. 163, National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Silver Spring, Apr. pp. 1-11.
  • Cook, J. E., 1982, "Research and Application of High Strength Concrete using Class C Fly Ash," Concrete International: Design & Construction, V. 4, No. 7, July, pp. 72-80.
  • Gebler, S. H., and Klieger, P., 1986 "Effect of Fly Ash on Physical Properties of Concrete," Second International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and Other Mineral By-Products in Concrete, April, V. 1, pp. 1-50.
  • Halstead, W.J., 1986, "Use of Fly Ash in Concrete," Transportation Research Board, Research Program No. 127, 32 pp.
  • Hyland, E. J., 1970, "Practical Use of Fly Ash in Concrete," Construction Specifier, V. 23, No. 2, Mar., pp. 39-42.
  • Mather, B., 1965, "Compressive Strength Development of 193 Concrete Mixtures During 10 Years of Moist Curing," Miscellaneous Paper No. 6-123, Report 12 (NTIS AD756 324), U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.
  • Popovics, S., 1991, A Model for Estimation of the Contribution of Fly Ash to Concrete Strength in Blended Cements in Construction, R. N. Swamy, ed., Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York, pp 263-277.
  • Popovics, S., 1986, "What Do We Know About the Contribution of Fly Ash to the Strength of Concrete," Proceedings of Second International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, ACI SP 91-14, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich., pp 313-331.
  • Samarin, A.; Munn, R. L., and Ashby, J. B., 1983, "The Use of Fly Ash in Concrete--Australian Experience," Fly Ash, Silica fume, Slag and Other Mineral By-Products in Concrete, ACI SP-79, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich., pp. 143-172.
  • Shashiprakash, S. G., Nagaraj, T. S., Ravira, S., and Yenagi, B. V., 1994, "Proportioning of Fly Ash Cement Concrete Mixtures," Cement, Concrete, an Aggregates, V. 16, No. 2, pp. 104-109.


Fly Ash in Concrete: Durability Issues

Permeability

  • Dhir, R.K., and Byars, E.A. "PFA Concrete: Chloride Diffusion Rates," Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 45, No. 162, 1993, pp.1-9.
  • Kawamura, M., and Torri, K. 1989, "Chloride Permeability of Concrete Containing a Fly Ash and a Blast Furnace Slag," MRS Symposium, V. 137, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, Penn., pp. 411-418.
  • Li, S., and Roy, D.M. 1986, "Investigations of Relations Between Porosity, Pore Structure and Cl- Diffusion of Fly Ash and Blended Cement Pastes," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 16, No. 5, pp. 749-759.
  • Manmohan, D., and Mehta, P. K., 1981, "Influence of Pozzolanic, Slag, and Chemical Admixtures on Pore Size Distribution and Permeability of Hardened Cement Pastes," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 3, No. 1, pp. 63-67.
  • Page, C.L.; Short, N.R.; and El Tarras, A., 1981, "Diffusion of Chloride Ions in Hardened Cement Pastes," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 11, No. 3, pp. 395-406.
  • Thomas, M.D.A., Shehata, M.H., Shashiprakash, S.G., Hopkins, D.S., and Cail, K., 1999, "Use of Ternary Cementitious Systems Containing Silica Fume and Fly Ash in Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 29, pp. 1207-1214.
  • Thomas, M.D.A., and Bamforth, P.B., 1999, "Modelling Chloride Diffusion in Concrete: Effect of Fly Ash and Slag," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 29, pp. 487-495.


Alkali Silica Reaction

  • Alasali, M. M. and Malhotra, V. M. 1991, "Role of Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of Fly Ash in Controlling Expansion Due to Alkali-Aggregate Reaction," ACI Materials Journal, V. 88, No. 2, pp. 159-163.
  • Be'rube', M. A., Duchense, J., and Chouinard, D. 1995, "Why the Accelerated Mortar Bar Method ASTM C 1260 is Reliable for Evaluating the effectiveness of Supplementary Cementing Materials in Suppressing Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reactivity," Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, V. 17, No. 1, June, pp. 26-34.
  • CANMET, 1997, "High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete Using Canadian Fly Ashes, Phase II: Effectiveness of High-Volume of Fly Ash in Concrete to Control Alkali-Silica Reactions," CEA Project, No. 9017 G 804, Report Prepared by CANMET (Principal Investigators: B. Fournier, A. Bilodeau, and V.M. Malhotra) for the Canadian Electrical Association, Oct., 84 pp.
  • Fournier, B., and Malhotra, V. M., 1999, "Laboratory Test Methods for Alkali-Silica Reactivity," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 21, No. 2, Dec., pp. 173-184.
  • Hill, Russell, Obla, Karthik, "Alkali-Silica Reaction Mitigation: State of the Art and Recommendations," (Discussion), ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 100, No. 4, July-August 2003, p. 342.
  • Lane, S. D., and Ozyildirum, H. E., 1999, "Evaluation of the Effect of Portland Cement Alkali Content, Fly Ash, Ground Slag, and Silica Fume on Alkali-Silica Reactivity," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 21, No. 2, Dec. pp. 126-140.
  • Lane, D. S., 1999, "Comparison of Results from C 441 and C 1293 with Implications for Establishing Criteria for ASR-Resistant Concrete," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 21, No. 2, Dec., pp. 149-156.
  • Snow, Peter G., 1991, "Effect of Fly Ash on Alkali-Silica Reactivity in Concrete," Transportation Research Record 1301, Factors Affecting Properties and Performance of Pavements and Bridges, pp. 149-154.
  • Thomas, M. D., and Innis, F. A., 1999, "Use of the Accelerated Mortar Bar Test for Evaluating the Efficiency of Mineral Admixtures for Controlling Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 21, No. 2, pp. 157-164.
  • Thomas, M.D.A, Hooton R.D., and Rogers, C.A., 1997, "Prevention of Damage Due to Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (AAR) in Concrete Construction - Canadian Approach," V. 19, No. 1, pp. 26-30.
  • Thomas, M.D.A., Shehata, M.H., Shashiprakash, S.G.; Hopkins, D.S., and Cail, K., 1999, "Use of Ternary Cementitious Systems Containing Silica Fume and Fly Ash in Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 29, pp. 1207-1214.
  • Thomas Michael, Baxter, Stephen, and Stokes, David, Hill, Russell, Ph.D., "The Combined Use of Fly Ash and Lithium Nitrate for Controlling Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction." ICAR 2001.


Sulfate Resistance

  • Dikeou, J. T., 1975, "Fly Ash Increases Resistance of Concrete to Sulfate Attack," Research Report No. 23, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo., 17 pp.
  • Dunstan, E. R., Jr., 1980, "A Possible Method for Identifying Fly Ashes That Will Improve the Sulfate Resistance of Concretes," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 2, No. 1, Summer, pp. 20-30.
  • Mather, K., 1982, "Current Research in Sulfate Resistance at the Waterways Experiment Station," George Verbeck Symposium on Sulfate Resistance of Concrete, ACI SP-77, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich., pp. 63-74.
  • Mehta, P.K., 1986, "Effect of Fly Ash Composition on Sulfate Resistance of Cement," ACI Journal, V. 83, No. 6, pp. 994-1000.
  • Pierce, J. S., 1982, "Use of Fly Ash in Combating Sulfate Attack in Concrete," Proceedings, 6th International Ash Utilization Symposium, Reno, Nev., V. 2, pp. 208-231.
  • Tikalsky, P. J.; Carrasquillo, R. L., and Snow P.G., 1992, "Sulfate Resistance of Concrete Containing Fly Ash," G. M. Idorn International Symposium on Durability of Concrete, ACI SP-131, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich., pp 255-265.
  • Tikalsky, P. J., and Carrasquillo, R. L., 1993, "Fly Ash Evaluation and Selection for Use in Sulfate Resistant Concrete," ACI Materials Journal, V. 90, No. 6, pp. 545-551.
  • Tishmack, J. K., Olek, J., and Diamond, S., 1999, "Characterization of High-Calcium Fly Ashes and their Potential Influence on Ettringite Formation in Cementitious Systems," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregate, V. 21, No. 1, pp. 82-92.


Salt Scaling

  • Bilodeau, A.; Zhang, M.H.; Malhotra, V.M.; and Golden, D.M., 1998, "Effect of Curing Methods and Conditions on the Performance of Fly Ash Concrete in De-Icing Salt Scaling," Sixth CANMET/ACI/JCI Conference: Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag & Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., pp. 361-384.


Thermal

  • Ma, W., Sample, D., Martin, R., and Brown, P. W., 1994, "Calorimetric Study of Cement Blends Containing Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and Slag at Elevated Temperatures," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 16, No. 2, pp. 93-99.
  • Sivasundaram, V., 1986, "Thermal Crack Control of Mass Concrete," MSL Division Report MSL 86-93 (IR), Energy Mines and Resources Canada, Ottawa, 32 pp.


Fly Ash in Prestressed / Precast Concrete

  • Dhir, R.K.; Munday, J.G.L.; and Ho, N.Y.; 1988, "PFA in Structural Precast Concrete: Engineering Properties," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 18, pp. 852-862.
  • Naik, T.R., and Ramme, B.W., 1990, "High Early Strength Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestressed Products," PCI Journal, Nov.-Dec., pp. 72-78.
  • Prusinski, J. R.; Fouad, F. H.; and Donovan, M. J., 1993, "Plant Performance of High Strength Prestressed Concrete Made with Class C Fly Ash," Proceedings of Tenth International Ash Use Symposium, EPRI Document TR-101774, Paper 41, 15 pp.


Concrete Products

  • Cain, C. J., 1979, "Fly Ash in Concrete Pipe," Concrete Pipe News, V. 31, No. 6, Dec. pp. 114-116.


Ultra Fine Fly Ash

  • Ferraris, C., Obla, K.H., and Hill R. L., 2001, "The Influence of Mineral Admixtures on the Rheology of Cement Paste and Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 31, No. 2, Feb. 2001, pp. 245-255.
  • Hassan, K.E., and Cabrera, J.G. 1998, "The Use of Classified Fly Ash to Produce High Performance Concrete" Sixth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Bangkok, Thailand, ACI SP-178, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., pp. 21-36.
  • Kruger, R. A., Sedat, E. Y., and Kijekema, L. P., 2001, "A Super Fine Pozzolanic Class F Fly Ash for Superior Concrete," Proceedings: 14th International Symposium on Management and Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCP's), San Antonio, Tex., Vol. 1, paper 37-1.
  • Obla, K. H.; Hill, R., Thomas, M..D.A., and Hooton, R. D., 2001, "Ultra-Fine Fly Ash - A Premium Material to Achieve High Performance Concrete," Proceedings: 14th International Symposium on Management and Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCP's), San Antonio, Tex., V. 1, pp. 35-1.
  • Obla, K.H, Hill, R., Cunningham, R., Thomas, M.D.A., Balaguru, P.N., and Cook, J., "High Strength High Performance Concrete Containing Ultra Fine Fly Ash," Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, July 22-27, 2001, Chennai, India, 227-241.
  • Obla, K.H., Hill, R. L., Thomas, M.D.A., and Hooton, R.D., 2000, "Durability of Concrete Containing Fine Pozzolan" PCI/FHWA/FIB International Symposium on High Performance Concrete, Orlando, FL, Sept. 25-27, page 125-135.
  • Obla, K. H., Hill, R. L., Thomas, M. D. A., Shashiprakash, S. G., and Perebatova, O. "Properties of Concrete Containing Ultra-Fine Fly Ash," ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 100, No. 5, September-October 2003, pp. 426-434.
  • Obla, K.H, Hill, R., Thomas, M.D.A., and Hooton, R.D., "Properties of Concrete Containing Ultra Fine Fly Ash," Fifth CANMET/ACI/International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Barcelona, Spain, June 4-9, 2000.


High Volume Fly Ash

  • Bilodeau, A., Malhotra, V. M., and Seabrook, P. T., 2001, "Use of High-Volume fly Ash Concrete at the Liu Centre," International Centre for Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete (ICON) Materials Technology Laboratory, CANMET, Natural Resources, Canada.
  • Bilodeau, A., Malhotra, V.M.; and Golden, D. M., 2000, "High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete System: The Concrete Solution for Sustainable Development," ACI Conference on Concrete Durability, Barcelona, Spain, June.
  • Bilodeau, A.; Sivasundaram, V., Painter, K.E., and Malhotra, V.M. 1994, "Durability of Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of Fly Ash from Sources in the U.S.," ACI Materials Journal, V. 91, No.1, pp. 3-12.
  • Bouzoubaâ, N.; Zhang, M.H.; Bilodeau, A.; and Malhotra, V.M., 1997, "Laboratory-Produced High-Volume Fly Ash Cement: Physical Properties and Compressive Strength of Mortars," MTL Division Report 97-03 (OP&J), Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, 17 pp.
  • Hill, Russell, Obla, Karthik, "HVFA Concrete - An Industry Perspective," Concrete International, Vol. 25, No. 8, August 2003.
  • Naik, T. R, Ramme, B. W., and Tews, J. H., 1994, "Use of High Volumes of Class C and Class F Fly Ash in Concrete," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates V. 16, No. 1, pp. 12-20.
  • Obla, K.H., Hill, R., and Darnell, D., "Residential Concrete Containing Higher Amounts of Fly Ash" to The Fourth International Symposium on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology, Organized by CANMET/ACI/NRC, San Francisco, September 2001.
  • Rangan, B.V., and Patnaik, A. K., 1998, "High-Performance High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete," Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance High Strength Concrete, Perth, Australia, pp. 97-122.
  • Sivasundraram, V. Carette, G. G. and Malhotra, V. M., 1989, "Properties of Langley, W. S. Carette, G. G. and Malhotra, V. M. 1989, "Structural concrete Incorporating High Volumes of ASTM Class Fl Fly Ash," ACI Materials Journal, V. 86, No. 5, pp. 507-514.
  • Sivasundaram, V., Carette, G.G., and Malhotra, V.M., 1989, "Properties of Concrete Incorporating Low Quantity of Cement and High Volumes of Low-Calcium Fly Ash," Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete: Proceedings of the Third International Conference, V. 1, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich., pp. 45-71.


Self Compacting Concrete

  • Bouzoubaa, N., Lachemi, M., 20001, "Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of Class F Fly Ash Preliminary Results," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 31, No. 3, March 2001, pp. 413-420.
  • Khayat, K.H., 1999, "Workability, Testing and Performance of Self-Consolidating Concrete," ACI Materials Journal, V.96, No. 3.
  • Khayat, K. H., Loveric, D., Obla, K., and Hill, R., 2002, "Stability Optimization and Performance of Self-Consolidating Concrete Made with Fly Ash," First North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, November 2002, pp. 215-224.


Air Entrainment

  • Freeman, E. Gao, Y.-M., Hurt, R., and Suuberg, E., 1997, "Interactions of Carbon-Containing Fly Ash with Commercial Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete," Fuel, V. 76, No. 8, pp. 761-765.
  • Gebler, S., and Klieger, P., 1983, "Effect of Fly Ash on the Air-Void Stability of Concrete," Fly Ash Silica Fume, Slag and Other Mineral By-Products in Concrete, ACI SP-79, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich., pp. 103-142.
  • Hill, Russell, Ph.D., and Majors, Russ, "Fly Ash Loss on Ignition, and Air Entrainment in Concrete A Subject Revisited." EPRI Proceedings, 14 Annual International Symposium on CCPs, Vol. 1, January 2001, pp. 34-1, 34-19.
  • Hill, R.; Rathbone, R. F.; and Majors, R. K., 1999, "Characterization of Adsorption on the Organic and Inorganic Phases of Fly Ash by Adsorptive Isotherms," Proceedings 1999 International Ash Utilization Symposium, Lexington, Ky., Oct. 18-20., page 7.
  • Hill, R, Hower, J.C., Rathbone, R. and Sarkar, S., 1997, "An Examination of Fly Ash Carbon and Its Interactions with Air Entraining Agent," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 27, No. 2, Feb. pp. 193-204.
  • Hill, R.; Hower, J. C.; and Rathbone, R., 1998, "Investigation of Fly Ash Carbon by Thermal Analysis and Optical Microscopy," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 28, No. 10, Oct., pp. 193-204.
  • Hill, Russell, Ph.D., Majors, Russ, K., Rathbone, Robert, F., and Hower, James C., "A Study of the Carbonaceous Components of Some Fly Ashes Used Commercially in Concrete," Book of Abstracts (BOSTON) 216th ACS National Meeting Boston, MA. August 23-27, 1998 Part 1, page titled: Fuel, No. 057.
  • Hill, Russell, L., Rathbone, Robert, F., and Hower, James, C., "An Investigation of Carbon in Fly Ash and its Interactions with Air Entraining Agent," Proceedings of the 1997 International Ash Utilization Symposium, Lexington, Kentucky, October 20-22, 1997.
  • Hill, Russell, Sarkar, Shondeep, and Hower, J. C. , "A Physico-Chemical Analysis Of The Carbonaceous Material In Class F Fly Ash," Proceedings: Twelfth International Symposium on Management and use of Coal Combustion Byproducts (CCB'S), Vol. 3, 1997, p. 23-1.
  • Meininger, R. C., 1981, "Use of Fly Ash in Air-Entrained Concrete-Report of Recent NSGA-NRMCA Research Laboratory Studies," National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Silver Spring, Md., Feb., 32 pp.


Beneficiation

  • Bittner, J. D., and Gasiorowski, 1999, "Five Years of Commercial Fly Beneficiation by Separation Technologies, Inc.," 1999 International Ash Utilization Symposium, Oct. 18-20, 1999, pp. 554-560.
  • Brendel, G. F., Rathbone, R. F., and Frey, R. N., 2001, "Effects of Ammonia Adsorption of Fly Ash Due to Installation of NOx Reduction Technologies," Proceedings of 14th International Symposium on Management and Use of Coal Combustion Products, V. 1, pp. 5-13.
  • Cochran, J. W., and Boyd, T. J., 1993, "Beneficiation of Fly Ash by Carbon Burnout," Proceedings of the Tenth International Ash Use Symposium, EPRI TR 101774, V. 2, Paper 73.
  • Groppo, J., 2001, "The Recovery of High Quality Fuel From Ponded Utility Coal Combustion Ash," ACAA Fourteenth International Symposium on Coal Combustion Products, San Antonio, Tex., V. 1, pp.14-1.
  • Majors, R.; Hill, R.; McMurry, R., and Thomas, S., 1999, "A Study of the Impact of Ammonia Injection on Marketable Fly Ash Including Quality Control Procedures," Proceedings, 1999 Conference on Selective Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Reduction for NOx Control, (FETC), May 20-21, pp. 11-13.


Fly Ash in Controlled Low Strength Material

  • ACI Committee 229, Controlled Low-Strength Materials (CLSM), 1999.
  • Asaska, W., 1994, Controlled Low-Strength Materials, ACI SP-150, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 10 pp.
  • Larsen, R.L., 1988, "Use of Controlled Low-Strength Materials in Iowa," Concrete International: Design and Construction, V.10, No. 7, pp. 22-23.
  • Obla, K.H., Hill, R., and Riggs, G., "Quality Control of Excavatable CLSM With and Without High Air Entrainment," Presented in the Session on Advances in Controlled Low Strength Materials in the ACI Convention, Chicago, IL, March 1999.


Functional Filler

  • Hill, Russell, Ph.D., and McBay, Aron, "Fly Ash in Plastics-An Extender or Functional Filler?" EPRI Proceedings, 14 Annual International Symposium on CCPs, Vol. 2, January 2001, pp. 61-1, 61-11.




Boral Fly Ash – Reference List